B. Carcinoma breast

B. Carcinoma breast: 

Is one of the most common malignancies in women and is a heterogeneous disease with a wide array of histologic appearances. The genetic risk factors include mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes but these accounts for only about one quarter of familial breast cancers. The other major risk factors for sporadic breast cancers are related to hormone exposure, gender, age at menarche and menopause, reproductive history, breastfeeding, and exogenous estrogens. 

History:

 A 48years old female presented with a rapidly enlarging lump in the breast since six months. 

Key Questions & Answers

1) Describe the gross features of the specimen.

      a. Mastectomy specimen with an exophytic mass above the nipple

b.Grey white tumor seen infiltrating into the surrounding tissue

2) Identify the microscopic features of the given slide.

    a. Tumor consisting of cells arranged in sheets, clusters and tubules, cords  separated by fibrous stroma.

   b. Pleomorphic tumor cells have moderate amount of cytoplasm, vesicular nuclei with  prominent nucleoli and mitotic figures.

3) Diagnose the pathological condition correlating the history, gross and microscopic features.

Carcinoma breast – Infiltrating duct carcinoma (NST)

4) Mention the clinical features of carcinoma breast

   a. Abnormal findings on mammographic screening/ Bloody Nipple discharge

   b. Variable sized, stony hard lump in the breast with fixative to skin and underlying muscle.

   c. Dimpling and tethering of skin with Peaudorange appearance 

5) Which are the most important hormones associated with the above condition.

Estrogen and progesterone.